Rib-knitting machine.



No. 7|6,767. Patented'Dec.-23, 1902..

` B. W. SCOTT.

FHB KNlTTINGMCH/INE.

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Patented-Dec. 23, i902. a.y w. ssoTT.` RIB KNITTING MACHINE.

[Application filed Mar. 9, 19041,)

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(No Model.)

rammed Dee. 23, i902.

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n led Mar. 9, 190). l

l'. W. SCOTT.

BIB KNITING MACHINE.

(No Model.)

Unire STATES A` Aefr-intr OFFICE.

ROBERT W. SCOTT, OF PHILADELPHIA, PENNSYLVANIA., ASSIGNOR OF ONE- HALFTO LOUIS N. D. WILLIAMS, OFAASHBOURNE, PENNSYLVANIA.

srncrnrca'rron forming para of Letters Patent No. 716,767, datedDecember 23. 1902.

To @ZZ whont it muy concern'.

Beit known thatI, ROBERT W. SCOTT, a citiaen of the UnitedStates,`residing in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, have invented certainImprovements in Rib-Knitting Machines, of

Which the following is a specification.

This invention relates to machinery for knitting ribbed fabrics havingloops of an independent thread drawn out on` either face or t both`faces, so that .they can be gigged or brushed to form a iieece. In thisrespect the machine is similar to that forming the-subject of my LettersPatent No. 676,372, dated June 1l, 1901; but the present machine differsfrom that of the patent cited in that no separate bed is employed forthe hooks or sinkers, whereby the looping or corrugating of theileecing-thread is effected, nor is any special cam member employed foroperating zo these hooks orsinkers, the latter being mounted and guidedin one or both of the needlecarrying members of the machine and beingoperated by appropriate cams on one or both of the ordinary cam membersof the machine, thus simplifying construction, reducing cost, 'andovercoming certain practical objections to previous machines of thistypewhich have been devised-namely, the difficulty of access to the sinkers,sinker-bed, and sinker'- 3o cani structure when these elements are 1ocated on the inside of the machine and the obstruction which these partsoder when they are located on the outside of the machine'.

In the accompanying drawings, Figure l represents in vertical sectionsulhcient of a rib-knitting machine to illustrate my present invention.Fig. 2 is a sectional view on the line a ct, Fig. l, illustrating in adat plane the cam mechanism employed for operating 4o thecylinder-needles and the hooked loopers `for acting on theiieecing-thread.V Fig. 3 is an enlarged section on the line b b, Fig. l,also illustrating .in a-iiatplane the action ot' said hooked loopersupon the lieecing-thread.

Fig. 4 is a plan view in a dat plane of part oli' the needle-bed withits needles and the loopers for acting on the iieecing-thread; Fig. 5 isa view similar to Fig; l, but illustrating another embodiment of myinvention. Fig.

5o 6 is a view taken on the line d d, Fig. 5, and

Serial No. 50.467. (No model.)

illustrating the character of the cams employed in amachine such asthere shown.

Fig. 7 is a plan View illustrating a special construction of the machinein accordance with my invention. Fig. 8 is a view of a jack or sinkerwhich may be used instead of the hooked loopershown in the other gures.Fig. 9 is a sectional view of a machine in which the hooked loopers areused in connectin with both of the needle-carriers of the machine, andFig. 10 is an invertedV plan View ot' the dial-'cam cap of the machineshown in Fig, 9.

I-Ieretofore in order to corrugate or form loops in a supplementary orfleecing thread laid between the front and back wales of a l ribbedfabric during the process ofvknitting hooks, loopers, or sinkers of someforni have been employed, these elements being mounted so as to be freeto reciprocate in an independent bed and being operated by cams carriedby an independent cam member either rotative or stationary, according tothe type of machine employed. My former patent, No. 676,372, is anillustration of this type of machine. In carrying outk my presentinvention, however, I utilize one or both of the main needle-carriersfor supporting and guiding the hooks. or sinkers which act upon theeecing-thread, and I mount the cams for operating these hooks or sinkerson one or both of the main cam-carrying members.

In the drawings, l `represents part of the bed-plate of the machine; 2,part of the fixed needle-cylinder; 3, part of the stationary horizontalneedle-dial; a, part of the rotating cylinder-cam ring, and part of thedialcam cap, these parts, with the exception of the needle-cylinder andthe cams of the cyl- .inder-cam ring 4, being constructed in a mannersimilar to that of an ordinary rib-knitting machine of this type, whichmay be either a single-feed or a multiple-feedmachine, preferably thelatter, as in practice itiis Lpreferable to apply the fleecing-thread toalternate courses only of the fabric.

I have not shown in any views except Fig. lO of the drawings the guidesfor the knitting-yarn, nor have I illustrated the stitches of the fabricupon the needles, as the opera- IOO tion of those parts which constitutemy invention can be better understood in the absence of such showing ofthe fabric itself.

Fabrics of the character described are as a rule made upon vmachineshaving about eight needles to the inch in the cylinder and eight needlesto the inch in the dial, the needles of one member alternating withthose of the other, as will be readily understood. Instead, however,ofcutting eight needle-grooves to the inch in the cylinder in the ordinarymanner I l em ploya cylinder having inserted walls or par=titions--such, for instance, as shown and described in the patent ofLouis N. D. Williams, numbered 561,038, dated May 26, 1896, whichconstruction permits of a close disposition of the grooves withoutunduly sacrificing the strength of the partitions between the grooves,and the cylinder is prepared with sixteen grooves to the inch or twiceas many as there are in the dial. The gage may of course be varied.

In that form of myimproved machine shown in Figs. 1, 2, and 3 everyother groove of the cylinder 2 is provided with an ordinaryknitting-needle 6; but the intervening grooves contain a series ofhooked loopers 7, which are similar to the needles in respect of havingshanks with projecting butts for the action of the cams whereby theyareoperated, but differ from the needles in being without latches and inhaving their upper ends bent outwardly and terminating in inwardly-benthooks instead of the outwardly-bent hooks of the ordinary needles. TheShanks of the loopers are also of a different length from those of theknitting-needles, so that the butts of the needles and loopers are indiierent horizontal planes, and thus permit of the use of twoindependent sets of operating-earns one above the other on`the-cylinder-cam ring 4.. This is the preferable plan, as it does notrequire any special formation of the butts of the needles or loopers;but when such special formations are not objectionable otherarrangements of the cams may be adopted. In the present instance theneedle -operating cams are the upper set and comprise the usuallifting-cam 9,l depressing-cam 10, and supplementary lifting cam 1l,while the looper-operating cams, which constitute the lower set,comprise a lifting-cam 12 and a depressing-cam 13, the latter being bypreference vertically adjustable, as shown in Fig. 2, so as to vary theextent of downward movement or draft of said loopers. A fixed cam 13aconstitutes a continuation of the depressing-cam 13 and serves tomaintain the loopers 7 in the depressed position and keep thefieecing-yarn under control until said loopers again rise to receive thefreshyarn. The upper ends of the partitions between the grooves of thecylinder 2 are inclined or beveled inwardly and downwardly, as shown inFig. 1, so as to tend to directinwardly the yarn drawn down onto thesaid tops of the partitions.

Supposing that the ileecing-yarn is supplied by a guide 14, secured tothe dial-cam cap 5, as shown in Fig. l, the operation of those parts ofthe machine constituting my inven- 7o tion will be as follows: The guide14 is so disposed as to deliver the iieecing-yarn to the hooked upperends of the loopers 7 when the latter have been elevated by the cam l2,as shown in Fig. 3, and as the loopers are drawn downward by the actionof the cam 13 the said eecing-yarn will be caught by the hooks of theloopers and drawn down over the tops of the partitions between thegrooves in the cylinder 2 and into the upper ends of those 8o grooves inwhich the loopers work, as shown in Fig. 3, the fleecing-yarn beingthere shown as resting upon the top of the cylinder and directedinwardly or toward the center of the machine by reason of the beveledtops of the partitions between the cylinder-grooves. At or about the`saine time that the fleecing-yarn is thus drawn down onto the top of thecylinder and into the looper-grooves the knitting-needles 6 are causedto rise slightly by 9o the action of the supplementarylifter-cam 1l, soas to insure the laying of the fleecing-yarn back of each needle wheresaid yarn crosses the top of the needle-groove, as shown in Fig. 3, andthus insure the placing of the fieecingyarn between the front and rearwales of the knitted fabric and prevent it from being knit- 'ted intothe fabric, as it would be if any of the needles caught it in suchmanner as to draw a stitch. In order to increase the cer- Ioo tainty oflaying the fleecing-yarn behind the knitting-needles in this way, Iprefer in some cases to increase the depth of the grooves in which thehooked loopers are guided, as shown, for instance, in Fig. 7. of depthmay be restricted to the upper portion of the groove, and the desiredlocation of the hooks of the loopers in a different plane from the hooksof the needles may be effected by simply providing said loopers with 11ostraight Shanks instead of the outwardly-bent s hanks shown in Fig. 1.By the rising of the cylinder-needles in front of the fleecing-yarn thelatter is at once placed back of the Wale formed by the cylinder-needle,While in a mal chine of the character shown in my Patent No. 676,372,previously referred to, the fleecing-yarn does not occupy this positionuntil after it is knocked over by the cylinderneedle. The loopers,however, retain their 12o hold of the fleecing-yarn and exercisecomplete control over the fabric until they release said ieecing-yarnjust prior to receiving a fresh supply of the same into their raisedhooks.

In that embodiment of my invention shown in Figs. 5 and 6 I employordinary knittingneedles 7a in place of the special hooked loopers shownin Figs. 1 and 3, and I also employ an eXtra set of cams in connectionwith said 13o needles-namely, the lifter-cam 15 and depresser-caml-these cams acting upon the butts of said needles 7L just previous tothe action of the cams 12 and 13 and causing such This increase 105l anelevation of said needles as will slip the loops of ileecing-yarnengaged thereby back of the latches, as shown at the right-hand side ofFig. 6, so that when the needles are depressed these loops will beslipped over the hooks of the needles, and thereby released, in order topermit the needles to rise and receive the fresh supply offleecing-yarn, as shown at the left-hand side of Fig. 6. Any usual formof latch-opener may be employed lto insure the opening of the .latchesof the needles when they rise to receive the fleecingyarn.

Various other modifications of my invention may be made withoutdeparting from the spirit of the same. For instance, instead of using.hooked loopers, so as to draw bights of ('leecing-yarn within the edgeof the needlecarrier, I may use ordinary thrust-sinkers or jacks andcorrugate the yarn by thrusting bights or loops thereof between theneedles of the opposite needle-carrier, a convenient and cheap form ofsuch sinker or jack being shown at 7 in Fig. 8, such jack consisting ofa simple wire with projecting butt and bent upper end with notched top.The deepening of the groove in the needle-carrier may, if desired, takethe form of a slot or notch in the edge of said carrier, into which saidslot or notch the hooked or bent end of the looper or jack may bewithdrawn when said looper or jack is retracted, this construction beingshown in Fig. 8. In order to economize space in machines of fine gageand permit of theuse between adjoining grooves of the needlecarrier ofpartitions of proper thickness and strength, I may make the stems orShanks of the jacks or loopers laterally' thinner than those of theneedles, so as to correspondingly reduce the width of the groovesprepared for the reception and guidance of said jacks or loopers, asshown in Fig. 7, this being permissible, because the thickness of thestems of the jacks or loopers can be increased in the other direction tocompensate for lateral thinning of the same.

For some purposes it is desirable that deecing-loops should appear onboth faces of the fabric, and the arrangement of mechanism herein shownand described is peculiarly well adapted for making such a fabric, itbeing only necessary that both needle-carriers shall contain the loopersor sinkers. Such a machine is shown in Figs. 9 and 10, the twofleecing-yarn guides being illustrated at 14 and the two knitting-yarnguides at 17, the dial-needle projecting and retracting cams beingshown, respectively, at 19 and 20 and the dial-looper projecting andretracting cams being shown, respectively, at 2l and 22. Un-

der these conditions the first ileecing-yarn guide would deliver theyarn to, say, the cylinder-needles and loopers, thus placing the loopsof said fleecing-yarn on the outside of the fabric, while the nextfleecing-yarn guide would deliver anotherv ileecng-yarn to thedial-needles and loopers, and thus at this feed theloops would be formedon the inside of the fabric. This could occur on alternate feeds, or anynumber of feeds of knittingyarn only might intervene between the feedsof vileecing-yarn. My invention, however, also contemplates the use ofthe loopers in bot-h sets of needle-carriers, even when but oneknitting-yarn guide and one ileecing-yarn guide are employed. It will beevident that the production of such a fabric upon a machine withindependent sinker-beds would be difficult, if not impracticable, onaccount of the multiplicity of parts necessarilyinvolved and alsobecause when thrust-sinkers are employed for acting upon a eecing-yarnthe projected position is the normal position, and when two sets areused at an angle to each other they would extend completely across theaperture between the needle-carriers when in the normal or restposition. Consequently they would interfere with the free passage of thework. With my arrangement of hooked loopers for actin g on theiieecing-thread, however, the retracted position is the normal or restposition. Consequently such interference is entirely obviated, and,moreover, there being no independent members either for carrying theloopers or for actuating them the use of loopers in both carriers, so asto coperate in the production of a fabric with loops on both faces,leaves the machine as free of access for adjustment and repair as thoughno fieecing mechanism was present.

It will be noticed that in all of the machines constructed in accordancewith my invention there exists but slight differences from an ordinaryrib-knitting machine, there being no members inside or outside of thecylinder of the machine, as has been the practice heretofore, and-whichare annoying either on account of the difficulty of access to them forrepairs or adjustment when they are inside of the machine or becausethey prevent ready access 'to other important parts of the machine whenthey are on the outside, and besides this greater convenience in theoperation of the machine the saving in cost of construction is quiteapparent.

In the manufacture of ribbed knitted fabric the yarn is usually drawn bythe cylinderneedles, and the stitches formed by these needles constitutethe face of the fabric, the dial-needles drawing no yarn from theyarnguide, but simply forming short loops of the yarn which has beenalready drawn from the yarn-guide by the cylinder-needles. This iseffected by giving the draw-down cam of the cylinder-cam ring acomparatively abrupt angle, while the draw-in cam of the dial-cam cap iscurved and of a lesser angle, so that the dial-needle draws inwardlymore slowly than the cylinder-needle is drawn downwardly. As, however,in that form of machine shown in Figs. l to 6 of the drawings I applythe eecing-yarn to the cylinder-needles and as the stitches drawn bythese needles should therefore form the back of the fabric,

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I reverse the construction usually employed and provide the dial-cam capwith abrupt draw-in cams-such, for instance, as shown at 20 in Fig.IO-while the cylinder-cam ring is provided with long and gentle curveddrawdown cams, such as shown at l0 in Fig. 2.

While I have shown my invention as embodied in a machine in which theneedle-carriers are stationary and the cam-carriers movable, it will bequite evident that this relation of the parts may be reversed withoutaffecting the invention and also that my invention can be used inconnection with straight or Hat bed machines and in machines in whichspring-beard needles are employed in place of latch-needles.

I am aware that it has heretofore been proposed to mount sinkers orweb-holders in grooves in the needle-carrier of a knittingmachine; butsuch sinkers or holders acted only upon the knitting -yarn or upon thestitches of the knitted web, whereas the sinkers or loopers which Iemploy have no such function, but act upon a yarn independent of theknitting-yarn.

Having thus` described my invention, I

claim and desire to secure by Letters Patent-' l. The combination of theneedle-carriers, needles, cam carriers, cams, and knittingyarn guide ofa rib-knitting machine with a iieecing-yarn guide, loopers or sinkers,guided in grooves of one of the needle-carrying surfaces of the machinewhich alternate with the needle-grooves thereof, and means for actuatingthe said loopers or sinkers so as to cause them to engage thefleccing-yarn, substantially as specified.

2. The combination of the needle-carriers, needles, cam-carriers, cams,and knittingyarn guide of a rib-knitting machine, with a iieecing-yarnguide, loopers or sinkers guided in grooves of one of theneedle-carrying surfaces of the machine which alternate with theneedle-grooves thereof, and cams on one of the needle-cam carriers ofthe machine for operating said loopers or sinkers so as to cause them toengage with the (ieecing-yarn, substantially as specified.

3. The combination of the needle-carriers, needles, cam-carriers, cams,and knittingyarn guide of a rib-knitting machine, with a tleecing-yarnguide, sinkers or loopers guided in grooves in one of theneedle-carrying surfaces which grooves are deeper than those receivingthe needles, and means for operating said loopers or sinkers so as toengage the iieecing-yarn, substantially as specified.

4. The combination of a rib-knitting machine,with a leecing-yarn guide,hooked loopers guided in grooves in one of the needlecarrying surfaces,and having their hooks in a different plane from those of the needles,and means for operating said loopers so as to cause their hooks toengage the fleecing-yarn, the grooves which receive the loopers beingdeeper than those which receive the needles, substantially as specified.

5. The combination of a rib-knitting machine having a needle-carrierwith inwardlybeveled outer end, a fleecing yarn guide, hooked loopersguided in grooves in the needle-guiding surface ofsaid needle-carrier,and means for operatingsaid loopers so as to cause them to engage thefleecing-yarn and draw the same against the beveled end of theneedle-carrier, substantially as specified.

6. The combination of the needle-carriers, needles, cam -carriers, cams,and knittingyarn guide of a rib-knitting machine with a iieecing-yarnguide, loopers or sinkers mounted on one of the needle-carryingsurfaces, the shanks of the needles and of the loopers or sinkers beingof different lengths, and cams in different planes on a cam-carryingmember of the machine, the cams of one plane actuating the needles, andthose of the other plane actuating the loopers or sinkers, substantiallyas speciiied.

7. The combination of the needle-carriers of a rib-knitting machine andtheir needles, the knitting-yarn-feeding devices, a eecingyarn guide,loopers mounted upon one of the needle-carrying surfaces, and cams foroperating said loopers and the needles in coperation with which theywork, whereby said needles are slightly projected when the loopers drawthe fleecing-yarn against the end of the needle-carrier, substantiallyas specified.

8. The combination of a rib-knitting machine with a fleecing-yarn guide,loopers or sinkers carried by one ot' the needle-carrying surfaces ofthe machine, and means for actuating said loopers or sinkers so as tocause them to engage thel ileecing-yarn, the said loopers or sinkershaving their acting ends bent inwardly or in a direction the reverse ofthe hooks of the needles, substantially as specified.

9. The combination in a circular-rib-knitting machine, of the cylinderand dial, their needles, needle-actuatingcams, and knittingyarn-feedingdevices, with a fleecing-yarn guide, loopers or sinkers guided ingrooves of one of the needle-carrying surfaces, which grooves alternatewith the needle-grooves of said carrier, and means for actuating saidloopers or sinkers, so as to cause them to engage the iieecing-yarn,substantially as specied.

l0. The combination in a circular-rib-knitting machine, of thecylinder-dial, their needles and needle-operating cams, andknittingyarn-feeding devices, with a ileecing-yarn guide, hooked loopersguided in grooves of the needle-carrying surface of the cylinder whichalternate with the needle-grooves of the same, and means for actuatingsaid hooked loopers, so as to cause them to engage with theileecing-yarn, substantially as specified.

11. The combination in a rib-knitting machine, of the twoneedle-carriers, their nee- IOO IIO

ro'dles,needleactuating cams, and knittingyarn feeding devices withhooked loopers guided in grooves in each of the needle-carriers whichalternate with the needle-grooves, a ieecing-yarn guide, and means foractuat- 15 ing the hooked loopers so as to cause them to engage with theeecing-yarn, substantially as specied.

13. A needle-carrier for use in a rib-knitting machine, said needlecarrier having zo grooves for the reception and guidance of the needlesand other and deeper grooves for the,

reception of lon gitudinall y-reciprocatiu g loopers or sinkers forengagement with a tleecingyarn, substantially as specified.

14. A looper adapted for use in a machine for producing ribbed knittedfabric with a Vfleecing thread or threads combined therewith, saidlooper having a bitted shank with upper end bent into a plane beyond butpar- 3o allel with the shank, and a hook bent in a reverse directionfrom the bend of the shank, substantially as specified.

15. A rib-knitting machine having two needle-carriers, their needles,cams foractuating the same, and knitting-yarn-feeding devices,

so that the needles ot one carrier draw the stitches of theknitting-yarn, and the needles f of the other carrier have a secondaryaction, a fleecing-yarn guide, sinkers or loopers caro ried by one ofthe needle-carrying surfaces,

and means for actuating said sinkers or loopers whereby they bend orcorrugate the ileecing-yarn around the shanks ot the needles having suchsecondary action, substantially as specied.

16. A circular-rib-knitting machine having a needle cylinder and dial,their needles, knitting-yarn-feeding devices and cams for actuating saidneedles so that the needles of the 5o dial draw the stitches ofknitting-yarn and the needles of the cylinder have a secondary action, aleecing-yarn guide, sinkers or loopers carried by one of theneedle-carrying su rfaces, and means for actuating said sinkers orloopers, whereby they bend or corrugate the eecing-yarn around theshanks of the 'cylinder-needles, substantially as specified.

17. A circular-rib-knitting machine having a needle cylinder and dial,their needles and 6o cams for actuating said needles, andknitting-yarn-feeding devices, so that the needles of the dial draw thestitches of knitting-yarn and the needles of the cylinder have asecondary action, a eecing-yarn guide, hooked loopers guided in groovesof the needle-cylinder which alternate with the needle-grooves, andmeans for operating said hooked loopers so as to cause them to engagewith the fleecing-yarn, substantially as specified.

18. The combination with the needle-carriers, needles, cams,cam-carriers, and knitting-yarn guide of a rib-knitting machine, cfatleecing-yarn guide, sinkers or loopers guided in grooves in one of theneedle-carrying surfaces, and means for longitudinally rreciproeatingsaid sinkers or loopers so as to cause them to engage with theleecing-yarn and exercise control over the same at all times except whenthey are moved into position to receive fresh yarn, substantially asspecified.

19. The combination with the needle-carriers, needles, cams,cam-carriers, and knitting-yarn guide of a rib-knitting machine, of atleecing-yarn guide, hooked loopers guided in grooves in one of theneedle-carrying surfaces, and means for longitudinally reciprocatingsaid hooked loopers so as to cause them to engage with the ieecing-yarnand retain them in the depressed position whereby they retain control ofthe said yarn until they are raised to receive a fresh supply, substantially as specified.

20. The combination of a rib-knitting machine, With a tleecing-yarnguide, loopers or sinkers guided in one ofthe grooved needlecarriers oi'the machine, and means for operating the said loopers or sinkers so asto cause them to engage the leecing-yarn, the Shanks of the loopers orsinkers, and the grooves of the needle-carrier for receiving the same,being narrower thanthe needle Shanks and grooves, substantially asspecified..

2l. A rib-knitting-machine needle-carrier having grooves for thereception and guidance of the needles, and, alternating ltherewith,narrower grooves for the reception and guidance of loopers or sinkers,substantially as specied.

22. A rib-knitting-niachine needle-carrier having grooves for thereception and guidance of the needles, and, alternating therewith,narrower and deeper grooves for the reception and guidance of loopers orsinkers, substantially as specified.

23. The combination of a rib-knitting machine, with a eecing-yarn guide,loopers or sinkers having bent or hooked outer ends and guided ingrooves of a needle-carrier ot' the machine, said grooves alternatingwith the needle-grooves of the carrier, and communieating at the topwith slots or notches cut in the edge of the carrier, and means foroperating the loopers or sinkers, so as to ca'use them to engage thelieecing-thread, the hooked or bent ends of the loopers or sinkersentering the edge notches or slots of the needle-carrier when saidloopers or sinkers are retracted, substantially as specified.

24. The combination in a rib-knitting machine, of the twoneedle-carriers, their needles, and needle-actuating cams, a pluralityof knitting-yarn-feeding devices, loopers or sinkers carried by each etthe needle-carriers of the machine, a plurality of ieecing--yarn ICO IIO

guides, one feeding yarn to the loopers of one carrier and the otherfeeding yarn to the loopers of the other carrier, and means Whereby theloopers or sinkers of one of the needlecarriers are caused to engagewith one fleecing-yarn and form loops of the same on one face of thefabric and the loopers or sinkers of the other needle-carrier are causedto engage with another fleecing-yarn and form loops of the same on theother face of the fabric, substantially as specified. v

25. The combination in a rib-knitting machine, of the twoneedle-carriers, their needles and needle-actuating cams, a plurality ofknitting-yarn-feedingdevices,hooked loopers guided in grooves in each ofthe needlecarriers which alternate with the needlegrooves, a pluralityof fieecing-yarn guides,

one feeding yarn to the loopers of one carrier and the other feedingyarn to the loopers of the other carrier, and means for actuating thehooked loopers of one of the needle-carriers so as to cause them toengage with one eecing-yarn and form loops of the same on one face ofthe fabric, and the hooked loopers of the other needle-carrier so as tocause them to

